分区管理fdisk 前言 在linux系统中我们来添加一块新硬盘进行分区.运用fdisk工具进行分区。
[root@mxl ~]# fdisk –l 是查看分区 Disk /dev/hda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes这里是新加的硬盘的容量 15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17753 cylinders Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes 这里是我们新加的一块IDE接口的硬盘，IDE 接口的硬盘都用hd表示这里是第一块 Disk /dev/hda doesn't contain a valid partition table 这句话的大概意思是此块硬盘没有进行分区 Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 144 1052257+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 145 1958 14570955 83 Linux 这些是我们以前的磁盘分区，这些不是以IDE接口进行连接的，
下面我们来对新加的硬盘进行分区，方法与步骤如下： 1、 创建分区
[root@mxl ~]# fdisk /dev/had 对新加的硬盘进行分区 Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 17753. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite) Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): m Command action a toggle a bootable flag 将分区设置为启动区 b edit bsd disklabel 编辑bsd的disklabel c toggle the dos compatibility flag 设置该分区为dos分区 d delete a partition 删除分区 l list known partition types 列出已知的分区类型 m print this menu 打印帮助列表 n add a new partition 创建新分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table p print the partition table查看分区信息 q quit without saving changes 退出不保存 s create a new empty Sun disklabel t change a partition's system id改变分区类型 u change display/entry units v verify the partition table w write table to disk and exit 保存退出 x extra functionality (experts only) 这些都是分区时要加的参数， 下面我们进入正题 Command (m for help): n 输入N后可以创建主分区和扩展分区 Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) 说明一点必需建立扩展分区才能创建逻辑分区。 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-17753, default 1): Using default value 1 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-17753, default 17753): +2048M 第一主分区完毕 创建第二主分区 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 2 First cylinder (4235-17753, default 4235): Using default value 4235 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (4235-17753, default 17753): +1024M完毕 创建第三主分区 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) p Partition number (1-4): 3 First cylinder (6352-17753, default 6352): Using default value 6352 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (6352-17753, default 17753): +1024M完毕 创建扩展分区和逻辑分区 Command (m for help): n Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) e Selected partition 4 First cylinder (8469-17753, default 8469): Using default value 8469 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (8469-17753, default 17753): Using default value 17753 Command (m for help): p 查看分区信息 Disk /dev/hda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17753 cylinders Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 1 4234 2000533+ 83 Linux /dev/hda2 4235 6351 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda3 6352 8468 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda4 8469 17753 4387162+ 5 Extended Command (m for help): n First cylinder (8469-17753, default 8469): Using default value 8469 Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (8469-17753, default 17753): 创建扩展分区完毕我们把所有剩余的空间都给它
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/hda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17753 cylinders Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 1 4234 2000533+ 83 Linux /dev/hda2 4235 6351 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda3 6352 8468 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda4 8469 17753 4387162+ 5 Extended /dev/hda5 8469 10585 1000251 83 Linux 查看分区信息可以看到 如查在想创建更多的逻辑分区按上面的方法一此类推 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot. Syncing disks. 保存退出 格式化文件系统 [root@mxl ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17753 cylinders Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 1 4234 2000533+ 83 Linux /dev/hda2 4235 6351 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda3 6352 8468 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda4 8469 17753 4387162+ 5 Extended /dev/hda5 8469 10585 1000251 83 Linux /dev/hda6 10586 14819 2000533+ 83 Linux /dev/hda7 14820 16936 1000251 83 Linux /dev/hda8 16937 17753 386001 83 Linux 下面对这些文件进行格式化 Disk /dev/sda: 16.1 GB, 16106127360 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1958 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes [root@mxl ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 格式化 mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006) Could not stat /dev/hdb1 --- No such file or directory The device apparently does not exist; did you specify it correctly? [root@mxl ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hda1 mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) 250368 inodes, 500133 blocks 25006 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=515899392 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 15648 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (8192 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or 180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override. 格式化完毕 如果对其它的分区进行格式化方法同上 现在我们只需要把把格式化的分区接载到系统的某个文件中就可以使用，下面是挂载的方法以apache为例 [root@mxl ~]# mkdir /mnt/apache 在/mnt下创建一个apache目录 [root@mxl ~]# mount /dev/hda1 /mnt/apache 这个就是挂载了 查看我们挂载的信息 [root@mxl ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on 文件系统 容量 已用 未用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/sda3 14G 3.6G 9.2G 29% / /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot tmpfs 128M 0 128M 0% /dev/shm /dev/hda1 1.9G 35M 1.8G 2% /mnt/apache 查看文件目录大小 [root@mxl /]# du -h |more 208K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/conf/extra 320K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/conf 32K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/error/include 304K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/error 56K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/docroot 520K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/icons/small 1.8M ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/icons 24K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/cgi-examples 140K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/man 320K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/p_w_picpaths 620K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/vhosts 300K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/developer 180K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/rewrite 6.5M ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/mod 432K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/misc 668K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/programs 248K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/ssl 28K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/faq 16K ./media/httpd-2.2.8/docs/manual/style/xsl/util --More--
修改分区类型 [root@mxl ~]# fdisk /dev/hda The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 17753. There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024, and could in certain setups cause problems with: 1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO) 2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK) Command (m for help): t Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-8): 3 Hex code (type L to list codes): L l是查看分区类型 0 Empty 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot 1 FAT12 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris 2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT- 5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx 6 FAT16 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data 7 HPFS/NTFS 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / . 8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility 9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee EFI GPT 10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fd Linux raid auto 18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fe LANstep 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid ff BBT 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX Hex code (type L to list codes): 82 这里的意思就是把此分区划分给swap做为虚拟内存 Changed system type of partition 3 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris) [root@mxl ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/hda: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 15 heads, 63 sectors/track, 17753 cylinders Units = cylinders of 945 * 512 = 483840 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/hda1 1 4234 2000533+ 83 Linux /dev/hda2 4235 6351 1000282+ 83 Linux /dev/hda3 6352 8468 1000282+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris 修改成功 下面我们进行挂载才能使其生效
使用parted进行分区管理 [root@mxl /]# parted GNU Parted 1.8.1 Using /dev/hda Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands. (parted) select /dev/sdb 选择要配置的磁盘 Using /dev/sdb (parted) (parted) mkpart primary ext3 1 1024. Error: Unable to open /dev/sdb - unrecognised disk label. 提示找不到磁盘标签 我们要创意标签即可
(parted) mklabel msdos (parted) mkpart primary ext3 1 1024 (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 8590MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 0.51kB 1024MB 1024MB primary 主分区创建成功 创建扩展分区 (parted) mkpart extended 3072 8000 (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 8590MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 0.51kB 1024MB 1024MB primary 2 1024MB 2048MB 1024MB primary 3 2048MB 3072MB 1024MB primary 4 3072MB 8000MB 4928MB extended lba
创建逻辑分区
(parted) mkpart logical 3072 4000 (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 8590MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 0.51kB 1024MB 1024MB primary 2 1024MB 2048MB 1024MB primary 3 2048MB 3072MB 1024MB primary 4 3072MB 8000MB 4928MB extended lba 5 3072MB 4000MB 928MB logical (parted) mkpart logical 4000 5204 (parted) p Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi) Disk /dev/sdb: 8590MB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 0.51kB 1024MB 1024MB primary 2 1024MB 2048MB 1024MB primary 3 2048MB 3072MB 1024MB primary 4 3072MB 8000MB 4928MB extended lba 5 3072MB 4000MB 928MB logical 6 4000MB 5204MB 1204MB logical
将磁盘加载到系统中 方法一：手工加载 [root@mxl /]# mount -t ext3 /dev/hda3 /apache [root@mxl /]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 14G 3.6G 9.2G 29% / /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot tmpfs 128M 0 128M 0% /dev/shm /dev/hda3 962M 18M 896M 2% /apache 方法二：系统启动自动加载 我们只需要对下面的文件进行添加即可 [root@mxl etc]# cat fstab LABEL=/ 设备 / 挂载点 文件类型ext3 defaults 1 1 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 这里的0与1代表 前一个0代表不检查后一个0代表不运行，前一个1代表检查文件系统是否需要备份后一个1代表运行就是检查文件系统 这里的2代表非正常关机或者达到最大加载次数一定天数才运行。 如果让系统开机就加载某个分区我们要必需在/etc/fstab加入一行 [root@mxl etc]# vi fstab LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1 LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 LABEL=SWAP-sda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/hda3 /apache ext3 defaults 0 0 重启系统再次查看 [root@mxl ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 14G 3.6G 9.2G 29% / /dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot tmpfs 128M 0 128M 0% /dev/shm /dev/hda3 962M 18M 896M 2% /apache 自动加载成功 交换空间管理 添加新内存后对虚拟内存进行的设置 查看一下内存的大小 [root@mxl /]# free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 229540 200124 29416 0 31984 81168 -/+ buffers/cache: 86972 142568 Swap: 1534196 0 1534196实际虚拟内存大小
下面来对虚拟内存进行修改 [root@mxl /]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1305 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux /dev/sda2 14 204 1534207+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 205 1305 8843782+ 83 Linux Disk /dev/sdb: 8589 MB, 8589934592 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1044 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 125 1004031 83 Linux /dev/sdb2 126 250 1004062+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb3 251 1044 6377805 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 251 500 2008093+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sdb是我新加的一块硬盘关于对新加硬盘的分区挂载上面已经学过这里就不在详细介绍.我们就以为个新加的硬盘为来增加虚拟内存的大小 /dev/sdb5就是我要为给虚拟内存的分区,当然我们要让系统重启时自动加载就需要在/etc/fstab加上一行即,上面也介绍了加入的例子了 [root@mxl /]# mkswap /dev/sdb5 Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2056282 kB [root@mxl /]# swapon /dev/sdb5 [root@mxl /]# free total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 229540 200772 28768 0 31992 81188 -/+ buffers/cache: 87592 141948
Swap: 3542280 0 3542280 虚拟内存的变化
转：http://haoyou168.blog.51cto.com/284295/83021